|
1935 Rumaytha and Diwaniyya revolt or the 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts consisted of a series of Shia tribal uprisings in the mid-Euphrates region against the Sunni dominated authority of the Kingdom of Iraq. In each revolt, the response of the Iraqi government was to use military force to crush the rebellions with little mercy.〔 The administrative task of this forceful disciplining of the Shi'a tribes fell to General Bakr Sidqi – the same man responsible for the brutal massacre of Assyrians in 1933.〔 Parallel revolts, opposing conscription, also broke out that year in northern Iraq (Kurdish populated) and Jabal Sinjar (mostly Yazidi populated) regions. The Shia tribes of the mid-Euphrates region (as well as the Kurds in the North Iraq) saw themselves increasingly under-represented in the Sunni-dominated Iraqi government, which further detereorated with the exclusion of key Shia sheikhs from the Iraqi parliament in 1934 elections. As a result unrest broke out in the mid-Euphrates in January 1935. Following unsuccessful attempts by Shia leaders to achieve relief of certain grievances in return for reconciliation, the rebellion spread to the region of Diwaniyya, led by two powerful sheikhs. The rebellion, however, was pacified within a single week, as internal Iraqi politics allowed the resignation of the Iraqi government. Following the arrest of one of the more prominent clerical followers of Ayatollah Khashif al-Ghita in May, Shia uprisings again spread in the mid-Euphrates. Martial law was declared in Diwaniyya by Bakr Sidqi and the full power of the Iraqi airforce and army was deployed against the Shia tribesmen. By the end of May they were defeated and the revolt over. However, this didn't end the uprisings,〔Tripp, Charles. ''A History of Iraq''. Cambridge University Press. P. 83–84. ()〕 as other incidents followed from time to time. Hundreds of Shia tribesmen were killed over the course of these events.〔Dawisha A.I. ''Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation''. P.39. ()〕 The 1935 Shia uprisings posed no direct threat to the central Iraqi rule, since the tribes were too fragmented.〔 Nevertheless, in 1936 the Shia tribes rose up again, killing 90 Iraqi troops and downing two aircraft.〔 Sidqi's troops quickly prevailed, exacting a harsh punishment in destroying homes, imprisoning civilians and conducting public hangings of scores of men.〔 ==Background== During the 1930s there was almost perpetual unrest in the Shi'a south fueled by a variety of motives, but underpinned throughout by their continued expulsion from the upper echelons of political power. Denied the opportunity to express discontent through democratic means, the Shi'a often resorted to open revolt. King Ghazi of Iraq, a Hashemite ruler of Iraq from 1933 to 1939, was driven, amongst other things, by anti-Shia ambitions.〔 As a result, two Shia ministers resigned from the Iraqi government in late 1933 following what in their opinion was a lack of care by the government for majority Shia communities in the area of Gharraf where a dam was to be built but the funds for which were diverted to the expansion of Iraqi army through conscription.〔 Jamil al-Midfai, who succeeded al-Kailani as the Prime Minister of Iraq, introduced the "National Defense Bill" to the Iraqi parliament in February 1934, setting up the framework for conscription and expansion of the Iraqi armed forces, a project strongly supported by Sunni Arabs, but regarded with suspicion and resentment by many Shia Arabs and Kurds.〔 In August 1934, elections promoted by al-Midfai and Ali Jawdat resulted in the reduction of Ikha party to just twelve seats and exclusion of most important tribal Shia sheikhs of the mid-Euphrates region from the parliament.〔 A tactical alliance of the Ikha Party and the Shia sheikhs was hence created.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1935–36 Iraqi Shia revolts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|